Investment casting dictionary: what the terms mean

Terms and meanings

Term	Meaning
3D scanningDE 3D-ScannenFR numérisation 3DNL 3D-scannen	Optical capture of the complete surface of a part as a point cloud for comparison with the CAD model.
acceptance levelDE GütestufeFR niveau d'acceptationNL aanvaardingsniveau	Class in a testing standard that defines the type and size of indications allowed.
ageingDE AuslagernFR vieillissementNL verouderen	Holding a solution-treated alloy at moderate temperature so that strengthening precipitates form.
air meltingDE Schmelzen an LuftFR fusion à l'airNL smelten aan lucht	Melting in an open furnace in contact with air, usual for steels and many stainless grades.
alloying elementDE LegierungselementFR élément d'alliageNL legeringselement	Element added deliberately to a base metal to obtain particular properties.
aluminaDE Tonerde / AluminiumoxidFR alumineNL aluminiumoxide	Aluminium oxide; refractory with high hot strength, used where shells must resist high temperatures.
aluminium alloyDE AluminiumlegierungFR alliage d'aluminiumNL aluminiumlegering	Light alloy based on aluminium; the casting alloys usually contain silicon for castability.
aluminium bronzeDE AluminiumbronzeFR cupro-aluminiumNL aluminiumbrons	Copper alloy with aluminium, strong and resistant to sea water and wear.
annealingDE GlühenFR recuitNL gloeien	Heating and slow cooling to soften the material, relieve stresses or homogenise the structure.
annual volumeDE JahresbedarfFR volume annuelNL jaarvolume	Expected yearly quantity of a part; it determines the number of die cavities and the degree of automation.
as castDE Gusszustand (gussroh)FR brut de couléeNL gietruw	Condition of a casting or surface after cleaning, without machining or, in the case of properties, without heat treatment.
austeniteDE AustenitFR austéniteNL austeniet	Face-centred cubic phase of iron; non-magnetic, tough and ductile. It is stable at room temperature in chromium-nickel stainless steels.
austenitic stainless steelDE austenitischer nichtrostender StahlFR acier inoxydable austénitiqueNL austenitisch roestvast staal	Non-magnetic chromium-nickel stainless steel with good corrosion resistance, toughness and weldability.
austenitisingDE AustenitisierenFR austénitisationNL austeniteren	Heating steel to the temperature at which its structure becomes austenite, the first step of hardening or normalising.
back-up coatDE Stützschicht (Hinterfüllschicht)FR couche de renfortNL steunlaag	Coarser shell layers applied after the prime coats to give the mould its thickness and strength.
bainiteDE BainitFR bainiteNL bainiet	Fine structure of ferrite and carbides formed at cooling rates between those giving pearlite and martensite.
belt grinderDE BandschleifmaschineFR ponceuse à bandeNL bandschuurmachine	Machine with an abrasive belt used to grind gate witnesses flush with the casting contour.
binderDE BinderFR liantNL bindmiddel	Liquid component of the slurry that bonds the refractory grains after drying and firing.
blind holeDE SacklochFR trou borgneNL blind gat	Hole that does not pass through the part; its castable depth is limited because slurry and stucco must reach the bottom.
bossDE Auge / NockenFR bossageNL nok	Local raised pad, usually round, that provides material for a hole, thread or bearing face.
Brinell hardness (HBW)DE Brinellhärte (HBW)FR dureté Brinell (HBW)NL Brinellhardheid (HBW)	Hardness from the diameter of the impression left by a hard-metal ball; suited to castings because it averages over a larger area.
brittle fractureDE SprödbruchFR rupture fragileNL brosse breuk	Fracture with little or no plastic deformation, typical of low temperatures, notches or unfavourable structures.
burnout furnaceDE BrennofenFR four de cuissonNL uitbrandoven	Furnace in which dewaxed shells are fired and brought to pouring temperature.
CAD modelDE CAD-ModellFR modèle CAONL CAD-model	Three-dimensional digital definition of the part, used for tooling design, simulation and measurement.
calibrationDE KalibrierungFR étalonnageNL kalibratie	Comparison of a measuring instrument with a traceable reference to determine and document its deviation.
carbideDE KarbidFR carbureNL carbide	Hard compound of carbon with a metal such as chromium, molybdenum or tungsten; it raises wear resistance but can lower toughness and corrosion resistance.
carbon equivalentDE KohlenstoffäquivalentFR carbone équivalentNL koolstofequivalent	Single figure calculated from the composition of a steel that indicates its hardenability and weldability.
carbon steelDE unlegierter StahlFR acier au carboneNL koolstofstaal	Steel whose properties are determined mainly by carbon, without significant alloying additions.
case hardeningDE EinsatzhärtenFR cémentationNL inzetharden	Carburising the surface of a low-carbon steel and hardening it, giving a hard case on a tough core.
cast gradeDE GusswerkstoffFR nuance mouléeNL gietkwaliteit	Alloy defined by a casting standard; its composition and properties differ from the wrought grade of similar name.
cast markingDE eingegossene KennzeichnungFR marquage venu de fonderieNL meegegoten markering	Raised or recessed characters formed in the die, such as part number, heat code or foundry mark.
cast steelDE StahlgussFR acier mouléNL gietstaal	Steel that receives its shape by casting and is not subsequently worked; specified by casting standards.
casting drawingDE RohteilzeichnungFR plan de pièce bruteNL gietstuktekening	Drawing that shows the part as cast, with machining allowances, gate positions, datum targets and casting tolerances.
casting modulusDE ErstarrungsmodulFR module de refroidissementNL stolmodulus	Ratio of volume to cooling surface of a section; a measure of its solidification time.
casting tolerance grade (DCTG)DE Gusstoleranzgrad (DCTG)FR classe de tolérance de fonderie (DCTG)NL giettolerantieklasse (DCTG)	Grade of ISO 8062-3 that links the tolerance of a cast dimension to its nominal size.
caustic leachingDE AuslaugenFR dissolution alcaline (lessivage)NL uitlogen	Chemical removal of ceramic residues or ceramic cores in a hot alkaline solution.
cementiteDE ZementitFR cémentiteNL cementiet	Iron carbide, a hard and brittle compound of iron and carbon.
centrifugal castingDE SchleudergussFR coulée centrifugeNL centrifugaalgieten	Pouring into a rotating mould so that centrifugal force assists filling and feeding.
ceramic coreDE keramischer KernFR noyau céramiqueNL keramische kern	Preformed ceramic body that stays in the shell during pouring and forms an internal passage.
ceramic filterDE KeramikfilterFR filtre céramiqueNL keramisch filter	Porous ceramic insert in the pouring cup or gating that holds back inclusions and calms the flow.
ceramic inclusionDE KeramikeinschlussFR inclusion céramiqueNL keramisch insluitsel	Particle of shell or refractory material trapped in the metal.
ceramic shellDE Keramikschale (Formschale)FR carapace céramiqueNL keramische schaal	Thin, layered mould built around the wax cluster by repeated dipping, stuccoing and drying.
certificate of conformityDE KonformitätsbescheinigungFR certificat de conformitéNL conformiteitscertificaat	Declaration by the supplier that the delivered products meet the requirements of the order.
charge materialDE EinsatzmaterialFR matière de chargeNL inzetmateriaal	Metal put into the furnace: certified bar stock, ingot, alloying additions and returns.
checking fixtureDE Prüflehre (Prüfvorrichtung)FR montage de contrôleNL controlemal	Dedicated device that holds the casting on its datum targets and checks critical features.
chemical analysisDE chemische AnalyseFR analyse chimiqueNL chemische analyse	Determination of the element contents of a heat, normally by spectrometry on a sample taken from the melt.
cluster / treeDE Gießtraube (Modelltraube)FR grappeNL boom (tros)	Assembly of several wax patterns on a common sprue, shelled and poured as one mould; also called a tree.
CNC millingDE CNC-FräsenFR fraisage CNCNL CNC-frezen	Machining of faces, pockets and holes with rotating cutters on a numerically controlled machining centre.
CNC turningDE CNC-DrehenFR tournage CNCNL CNC-draaien	Machining of rotational surfaces on a numerically controlled lathe.
coaxialityDE KoaxialitätFR coaxialitéNL coaxialiteit	Tolerance that limits the offset between the axis of a feature and a datum axis.
cobalt-based alloyDE KobaltbasislegierungFR alliage base cobaltNL kobaltlegering	Alloy with cobalt as the main element, noted for wear resistance, hot strength and biocompatibility.
cold shutDE KaltschweißeFR repriseNL koudvloeiing	Line where two metal fronts met without fusing completely.
colloidal silicaDE KieselsolFR silice colloïdaleNL colloïdaal silica	Water-based dispersion of fine silica particles, the most common shell binder; it gels on drying.
columnar grainsDE StängelkristalleFR grains colonnairesNL stengelkristallen	Elongated grains that grow from the mould wall inwards, against the direction of heat flow.
computed tomographyDE ComputertomografieFR tomographieNL computertomografie	X-ray method that reconstructs a three-dimensional image of the part, showing internal defects and internal geometry.
contraction allowanceDE SchwindmaßFR retrait (correction de modèle)NL krimpmaat	Enlargement of the tooling that compensates the shrinkage of wax, shell and alloy.
control planDE ProduktionslenkungsplanFR plan de surveillanceNL controleplan	Document describing how each process step and product characteristic is controlled in series production.
cooling rateDE AbkühlgeschwindigkeitFR vitesse de refroidissementNL afkoelsnelheid	Temperature drop per unit of time; it decides which structure forms from austenite.
coordinate measuring machine (CMM)DE Koordinatenmessgerät (KMG)FR machine à mesurer tridimensionnelle (MMT)NL coördinatenmeetmachine (CMM)	Machine that probes points on a part and evaluates dimensions and geometrical tolerances against the drawing or CAD model.
coreDE KernFR noyauNL kern	Body placed in the die or mould to form an internal cavity or passage of the casting.
corrective actionDE KorrekturmaßnahmeFR action correctiveNL corrigerende maatregel	Action that removes the cause of a nonconformity so that it does not recur.
counter-gravity castingDE Niederdruck-/SteiggießenFR coulée en contre-gravitéNL tegenzwaartekrachtgieten	Filling the mould from below by vacuum or gas pressure, which gives a calm, controlled fill of thin walls.
creepDE KriechenFR fluageNL kruip	Slow, permanent deformation under constant load at high temperature.
crevice corrosionDE SpaltkorrosionFR corrosion caverneuseNL spleetcorrosie	Localised attack in narrow gaps where the medium stagnates and the passive film cannot re-form.
crucibleDE TiegelFR creusetNL kroes	Refractory vessel in which the charge is melted, typically inside an induction coil.
cut-offDE AbtrennenFR tronçonnageNL afkorten	Separation of the castings from the sprue and runners.
cut-off sawDE TrennsägeFR scie de tronçonnageNL afkortzaag	Abrasive wheel or band saw that separates the castings from the cluster.
cylindricityDE ZylinderformFR cylindricitéNL cilindriciteit	Tolerance that limits the deviation of a surface from a perfect cylinder.
datumDE BezugFR référence spécifiéeNL referentie	Theoretically exact reference (point, axis or plane) from which geometrical tolerances are measured.
datum targetDE BezugsstelleFR référence partielleNL referentiepunt	Defined point, line or area on a cast surface used to locate the part for measurement and first machining.
decarburisationDE RandentkohlungFR décarburationNL ontkoling	Loss of carbon from the surface layer of steel at high temperature, which lowers surface hardness.
defectDE FehlerFR défautNL defect	Discontinuity whose type, size or position exceeds the acceptance criteria.
degassingDE EntgasungFR dégazageNL ontgassen	Reduction of dissolved gases, mainly hydrogen and nitrogen, in the melt before pouring.
delta ferriteDE Delta-FerritFR ferrite deltaNL deltaferriet	Ferrite formed during solidification that remains in austenitic stainless castings; a controlled amount reduces hot cracking.
dendriteDE DendritFR dendriteNL dendriet	Tree-shaped crystal that grows during solidification of most alloys.
deoxidationDE DesoxidationFR désoxydationNL desoxidatie	Removal of dissolved oxygen from the melt by adding elements such as silicon, manganese or aluminium.
dewaxingDE Entwachsen (Ausschmelzen)FR décirageNL ontwassen	Removal of the wax from the shell, usually by rapid heating in a steam autoclave.
die cavityDE Formnest (Kavität)FR empreinte d'outillageNL matrijsholte	Hollow in the wax die that forms one pattern; a die may have one or several cavities.
digital radiographyDE digitale RadiografieFR radiographie numériqueNL digitale radiografie	Radiographic testing with a digital detector instead of film, giving immediate images that can be processed and archived.
dimensional reportDE MessberichtFR rapport dimensionnelNL maatrapport	Record of measured values for the drawing characteristics of one or more parts.
dimensional toleranceDE MaßtoleranzFR tolérance dimensionnelleNL maattolerantie	Permitted variation of a dimension, the difference between its upper and lower limits.
dippingDE TauchenFR trempageNL dompelen	Immersing the cluster in the slurry so that all surfaces, holes and corners are coated.
dipping robotDE TauchroboterFR robot de trempageNL dompelrobot	Industrial robot that dips, drains and stuccoes clusters with repeatable movements.
directional solidificationDE gelenkte ErstarrungFR solidification dirigéeNL gerichte stolling	Solidification that progresses from the far end of the casting towards the feeder, keeping a liquid feed path open.
discontinuityDE Unregelmäßigkeit (Ungänze)FR discontinuitéNL onvolkomenheid	Any interruption in the structure of a part, whether acceptable or not.
distortionDE VerzugFR déformationNL vervorming	Unintended change of shape caused by stresses during cooling, cut-off or heat treatment.
draftDE FormschrägeFR dépouilleNL lossingshoek	Taper on surfaces parallel to the die opening direction that eases pattern ejection; rarely needed on the casting itself.
drainingDE AbtropfenFR égouttageNL uitdruipen	Rotating the dipped cluster so that excess slurry runs off and a uniform coat remains.
drying roomDE TrockenraumFR salle de séchageNL droogruimte	Climate-controlled area in which shells dry between coats.
ductile-to-brittle transition temperatureDE ÜbergangstemperaturFR température de transition ductile-fragileNL overgangstemperatuur	Temperature range in which the impact energy of ferritic steels falls sharply.
ductilityDE DuktilitätFR ductilitéNL ductiliteit	Ability to deform plastically without breaking, expressed by elongation and reduction of area.
duplex stainless steelDE DuplexstahlFR acier inoxydable duplexNL duplex roestvast staal	Stainless steel with a mixed austenite and ferrite structure, combining high strength with resistance to chloride corrosion.
dwell timeDE NachdruckzeitFR temps de maintienNL nadruktijd	Time during which pressure is held after the die is filled, to feed the shrinkage of the cooling wax.
electropolishingDE ElektropolierenFR électropolissageNL elektrolytisch polijsten	Electrochemical removal of a thin surface layer that smooths and brightens the surface.
elongationDE BruchdehnungFR allongement à la ruptureNL rek bij breuk	Permanent extension of the gauge length after fracture, in per cent; a measure of ductility.
equiaxed grainsDE globulitisches KornFR grains équiaxesNL equiaxiale korrels	Grains of roughly equal size in all directions, formed when crystals nucleate throughout the liquid.
ethyl silicateDE EthylsilikatFR silicate d'éthyleNL ethylsilicaat	Alcohol-based silica binder that sets quickly by chemical gelling; an alternative to colloidal silica.
eutecticDE EutektikumFR eutectiqueNL eutecticum	Composition at which a liquid solidifies at a single, lowest temperature into two solid phases at once.
failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)DE Fehlermöglichkeits- und -einflussanalyse (FMEA)FR analyse des modes de défaillance et de leurs effets (AMDE)NL faalwijzen- en gevolgenanalyse (FMEA)	Systematic assessment of what could go wrong in a design or process, its effects and the controls in place.
fatigue strengthDE Dauerfestigkeit (Schwingfestigkeit)FR résistance à la fatigueNL vermoeiingssterkte	Stress amplitude a material endures for a specified number of load cycles; it is sensitive to surface condition and internal defects.
feeder / riserDE SpeiserFR masselotteNL opkomer / voeder	Reservoir of liquid metal that compensates the shrinkage of the casting during solidification.
feedingDE SpeisungFR alimentation / masselottageNL navoeding	Supply of liquid metal to a solidifying section to compensate its shrinkage.
ferriteDE FerritFR ferriteNL ferriet	Body-centred cubic phase of iron; magnetic, soft and able to dissolve very little carbon.
ferrite contentDE FerritgehaltFR teneur en ferriteNL ferrietgehalte	Proportion of ferrite in an austenitic or duplex stainless steel, measured magnetically or by metallography.
fettlingDE GussputzenFR ébarbage / parachèvementNL afbramen (gietstukreiniging)	Removal of gate witnesses, fins and excess metal by grinding.
filled waxDE gefülltes WachsFR cire chargéeNL gevulde was	Pattern wax containing inert filler particles that reduce shrinkage and sink in thick sections.
fillet radiusDE Rundungsradius (Hohlkehle)FR congé de raccordementNL afrondingsstraal	Rounded transition at an internal corner; it reduces stress concentration, hot tearing and shell cracking.
fin / flashDE GratFR bavureNL vin / braam	Thin projection of metal formed where liquid metal entered a shell crack or a die joint.
fired strengthDE BrennfestigkeitFR résistance après cuissonNL gebrande sterkte	Strength of the shell after firing, at the moment it must withstand the metal pressure.
firing / burnoutDE BrennenFR cuissonNL bakken (uitbranden)	Heating the dewaxed shell in a furnace to burn off wax residues and sinter the ceramic before pouring.
first article inspectionDE ErstmusterprüfungFR contrôle premier articleNL eerste-artikelkeuring	Complete, documented verification of one of the first production parts against all drawing and specification requirements.
fixtureDE SpannvorrichtungFR montage d'usinageNL opspanmal	Device that locates and clamps the casting repeatably for machining or measurement.
flash-fire dewaxingDE Schockausschmelzen im OfenFR décirage flashNL flash-fire-ontwassen	Dewaxing by placing the shell directly in a hot furnace so that the wax surface melts before the bulk expands.
flatnessDE EbenheitFR planéitéNL vlakheid	Geometrical tolerance that limits the deviation of a surface from a perfect plane.
fluidised bedDE FließbettFR lit fluidiséNL wervelbed	Container in which air flowing through the stucco makes it behave like a liquid, so the cluster can be immersed in it.
fluidityDE FließvermögenFR coulabilitéNL vloeibaarheid	Ability of a molten alloy to flow and fill thin sections before it solidifies.
fluorescent penetrantDE fluoreszierendes EindringmittelFR pénétrant fluorescentNL fluorescerend penetrant	Penetrant that glows under ultraviolet light, giving higher sensitivity than visible dye.
foundry returnsDE KreislaufmaterialFR retours de fonderieNL gieterijretour	Sprues, runners and scrap castings of known grade that are remelted in controlled proportions.
freezing rangeDE ErstarrungsintervallFR intervalle de solidificationNL stoltraject	Temperature interval between liquidus and solidus; a wide range makes an alloy more prone to dispersed shrinkage porosity.
furnace atmosphereDE OfenatmosphäreFR atmosphère du fourNL ovenatmosfeer	Gas surrounding the parts during heat treatment: air, protective gas or vacuum. It governs scaling and decarburisation.
furnace liningDE Ofenauskleidung (Zustellung)FR garnissage du fourNL ovenbekleding	Refractory layer that contains the melt in the furnace; its chemistry is matched to the alloys melted.
fused silicaDE QuarzgutFR silice fondueNL gesmolten silica	Amorphous silica with very low thermal expansion; gives shells good thermal shock resistance and easy knockout.
galvanic corrosionDE KontaktkorrosionFR corrosion galvaniqueNL galvanische corrosie	Accelerated corrosion of the less noble metal when two different metals are in electrical contact in an electrolyte.
gamma primeDE Gamma-Strich-Phase (γ′)FR phase gamma prime (γ′)NL gamma-prime-fase (γ′)	Ordered nickel-aluminium-titanium precipitate that gives nickel-based superalloys their high-temperature strength.
gas porosityDE GasporositätFR souffluresNL gasporositeit	Rounded, smooth-walled pores caused by gas dissolved in the melt or trapped during filling.
gateDE AnschnittFR attaque de couléeNL aansnijding	Connection through which metal enters the casting cavity; its witness remains on the part after cut-off.
gate witnessDE AnschnittrestFR trace d'attaqueNL aansnijdrest	Small remainder of the gate left on the casting after cut-off and grinding; its permitted height is agreed on the drawing.
gating systemDE GießsystemFR système de couléeNL gietsysteem	All channels that lead the metal into the cavity: pouring cup, sprue, runners and gates.
general toleranceDE AllgemeintoleranzFR tolérance généraleNL algemene tolerantie	Tolerance that applies to all dimensions without an individual indication, invoked by a note on the drawing.
geometrical toleranceDE Form- und LagetoleranzFR tolérance géométriqueNL geometrische tolerantie	Tolerance of form, orientation, location or run-out according to ISO 1101.
go/no-go gaugeDE GrenzlehreFR calibre entre/n'entre pasNL goed/afkeurkaliber	Fixed gauge that checks quickly whether a feature lies within its limits, without giving a measured value.
grain boundaryDE KorngrenzeFR joint de grainsNL korrelgrens	Interface between two crystals of different orientation; a preferred site for precipitates and some forms of corrosion.
grain refinementDE KornfeinungFR affinage du grainNL korrelverfijning	Measures that produce a finer grain, such as inoculation of the melt or prime coat, lower pouring temperature or normalising.
grain sizeDE KorngrößeFR taille de grainNL korrelgrootte	Average size of the crystals in the metal; finer grains generally give higher strength and toughness.
green strengthDE GrünfestigkeitFR résistance à vertNL groene sterkte	Strength of the unfired shell, needed to survive handling and dewaxing.
grindingDE SchleifenFR meulageNL slijpen	Removal of metal with a bonded or coated abrasive, for example to blend gate witnesses.
hardenabilityDE HärtbarkeitFR trempabilitéNL hardbaarheid	Ability of a steel to harden through its section on quenching; it depends mainly on the alloy content.
hardeningDE HärtenFR durcissement par trempeNL harden	Austenitising and quenching a steel so that it transforms to martensite.
hardnessDE HärteFR duretéNL hardheid	Resistance of a material to indentation, measured by the Brinell, Vickers or Rockwell methods.
hardness testerDE HärteprüfgerätFR duromètreNL hardheidsmeter	Instrument that presses an indenter into the surface under a defined load and evaluates the impression.
heat / meltDE Schmelze (Charge)FR couléeNL smelt (charge)	Quantity of metal melted and tapped in one furnace operation; the unit of chemical analysis and traceability.
heat numberDE SchmelzennummerFR numéro de couléeNL chargenummer	Identification of one melt; it links every casting to its chemical analysis and test results.
heat treatmentDE WärmebehandlungFR traitement thermiqueNL warmtebehandeling	Controlled heating and cooling of solid metal to obtain the required structure and properties.
heat treatment furnaceDE WärmebehandlungsofenFR four de traitement thermiqueNL warmtebehandelingsoven	Furnace with controlled temperature, and where needed atmosphere, for annealing, hardening and tempering.
heat-resistant steelDE hitzebeständiger StahlFR acier réfractaireNL hittevast staal	Steel alloyed mainly with chromium, nickel and silicon to resist scaling and keep its strength at high temperature.
high-pressure water blastingDE HochdruckwasserstrahlenFR décochage au jet d'eau haute pressionNL hogedrukwaterstralen	Removal of shell residues from holes and recesses with a high-pressure water jet.
homogenisationDE Diffusionsglühen (Homogenisieren)FR homogénéisationNL homogeniseren	Long anneal at high temperature that evens out segregation by diffusion.
hot isostatic pressing (HIP)DE heißisostatisches Pressen (HIP)FR compaction isostatique à chaud (CIC)NL heet isostatisch persen (HIP)	Treatment at high temperature and gas pressure that closes internal porosity.
hot spotDE WärmezentrumFR point chaudNL warmteknooppunt	Region that solidifies last because of local mass concentration; typical site of shrinkage.
hot tearDE WarmrissFR crique à chaudNL warmscheur	Crack formed near the end of solidification when contraction is restrained.
impact test (Charpy)DE KerbschlagbiegeversuchFR essai de flexion par choc (résilience)NL kerfslagproef	Test in which a pendulum breaks a notched specimen; the absorbed energy indicates toughness at the test temperature.
inclusionDE EinschlussFR inclusionNL insluiting	Non-metallic particle in the metal, such as oxide, slag or ceramic.
indicationDE AnzeigeFR indicationNL indicatie	Response observed in a non-destructive test that requires interpretation.
induction furnaceDE InduktionsofenFR four à inductionNL inductieoven	Furnace in which an alternating magnetic field induces currents in the charge, heating and stirring it without contact.
induction hardeningDE InduktionshärtenFR trempe par inductionNL inductieharden	Surface hardening in which an induction coil heats only the surface layer before quenching.
inert gas shieldingDE SchutzgasabdeckungFR protection par gaz inerteNL afscherming met inert gas	Covering the melt or the metal stream with argon or nitrogen to limit oxidation and gas pick-up.
ingateDE AnschnittFR attaque de couléeNL aansnijding	The gate proper: the final, short channel through which metal enters the casting.
initial sampleDE ErstmusterFR premières piècesNL eerste monster	First castings from new tooling, fully measured and tested before series release.
injection pressureDE EinspritzdruckFR pression d'injectionNL spuitdruk	Pressure applied to the wax during die filling; together with wax and die temperature it governs pattern dimensions.
inspection and test planDE PrüfplanFR plan de contrôle et d'essaisNL keurings- en beproevingsplan	Document listing each inspection and test, its method, extent, acceptance criteria, records and witness points.
inspection certificate 3.1DE Abnahmeprüfzeugnis 3.1FR certificat de réception 3.1NL keuringsrapport 3.1	EN 10204 document with results of specific tests on the delivered products, validated by the manufacturer's inspection representative.
insulating wrapDE IsoliermatteFR enveloppe isolanteNL isolatiedeken	Ceramic fibre blanket applied locally to the shell to slow cooling and steer solidification towards the feeder.
intergranular corrosionDE interkristalline KorrosionFR corrosion intergranulaireNL interkristallijne corrosie	Attack along grain boundaries, typically where chromium carbides have depleted the adjacent metal of chromium.
intermetallic phaseDE intermetallische PhaseFR phase intermétalliqueNL intermetallische fase	Compound of two or more metals with its own crystal structure, usually hard and brittle.
investment casting / lost-wax castingDE Feinguss / WachsausschmelzverfahrenFR fonderie de précision / moulage à la cire perdueNL precisiegieten / verlorenwasgieten	Casting process in which a disposable wax pattern is coated with ceramic, melted out and replaced by metal.
knockoutDE Ausschlagen (Entformen)FR décochageNL uitbreken	Removal of the ceramic shell from the solidified cluster by vibration, hammering or water jet.
ladleDE GießpfanneFR poche de couléeNL gietpan	Lined vessel used to carry molten metal from the furnace and pour it into the moulds.
lead timeDE LieferzeitFR délai de livraisonNL doorlooptijd	Time from order to delivery, including tooling and sampling for a new part.
leak testDE DichtheitsprüfungFR essai d'étanchéitéNL lektest	Test that verifies that a casting does not let gas or liquid pass through its walls.
limit sampleDE GrenzmusterFR échantillon limiteNL grensmonster	Physical part agreed between customer and foundry that shows the boundary of acceptable appearance.
liquid penetrant testingDE EindringprüfungFR ressuageNL penetrantonderzoek	Surface method in which a dye drawn into open discontinuities is made visible by a developer.
liquidus temperatureDE LiquidustemperaturFR température de liquidusNL liquidustemperatuur	Temperature above which an alloy is completely liquid.
lost-wax processDE WachsausschmelzverfahrenFR procédé à la cire perdueNL verlorenwasmethode	Traditional name of investment casting: the wax pattern is lost when it is melted out of the mould.
lotDE LosFR lotNL partij	Quantity of castings produced under the same conditions and treated as one unit for inspection, often from one heat and one heat-treatment load.
low-alloy steelDE niedriglegierter StahlFR acier faiblement alliéNL laaggelegeerd staal	Steel with small additions of chromium, nickel or molybdenum that improve hardenability and strength.
machining allowanceDE BearbeitungszugabeFR surépaisseur d'usinageNL bewerkingstoeslag	Extra material left on a surface so that it cleans up fully when machined.
machining centreDE BearbeitungszentrumFR centre d'usinageNL bewerkingscentrum	CNC machine with automatic tool change for milling, drilling and tapping in one set-up.
magnetic particle testingDE MagnetpulverprüfungFR magnétoscopieNL magnetisch onderzoek	Method for ferromagnetic materials in which leakage fields at surface and near-surface discontinuities attract magnetic particles.
martensiteDE MartensitFR martensiteNL martensiet	Hard, strained structure formed when austenite is cooled so fast that carbon cannot diffuse; the basis of hardened steel.
martensitic stainless steelDE martensitischer nichtrostender StahlFR acier inoxydable martensitiqueNL martensitisch roestvast staal	Hardenable chromium stainless steel combining strength and wear resistance with moderate corrosion resistance.
master heatDE Vorlegierungsschmelze (Masterheat)FR coulée mèreNL moedersmelt	Large, fully certified heat of an alloy cast into bars that are later remelted in small portions for pouring.
material numberDE WerkstoffnummerFR numéro de matériauNL materiaalnummer	Numerical designation of a material in the European system (EN 10027-2), such as 1.4408.
measurement system analysisDE Messsystemanalyse (MSA)FR analyse du système de mesureNL meetsysteemanalyse	Study of the repeatability and reproducibility of a measuring process in relation to the tolerance.
measurement uncertaintyDE MessunsicherheitFR incertitude de mesureNL meetonzekerheid	Range around a measured value within which the true value is expected to lie with a stated probability.
melt cleanlinessDE Reinheitsgrad der SchmelzeFR propreté du bainNL reinheid van de smelt	Freedom of the liquid metal from oxides, slag and other non-metallic inclusions.
meltingDE SchmelzenFR fusionNL smelten	Conversion of the solid charge into liquid metal of the specified composition and temperature.
metal breakoutDE Durchbruch (Auslaufen)FR percée de métalNL doorbraak van metaal	Escape of liquid metal through a failed shell during or after pouring.
metal penetrationDE PenetrationFR pénétration du métalNL metaalpenetratie	Rough surface caused by metal entering the pores of the shell.
metallographyDE MetallografieFR métallographieNL metallografie	Preparation and microscopic examination of polished and etched sections to assess the microstructure.
metallurgical microscopeDE MetallmikroskopFR microscope métallographiqueNL metaalmicroscoop	Reflected-light microscope for examining polished and etched metal sections.
microporosityDE MikroporositätFR microporositéNL microporositeit	Very fine shrinkage or gas voids between dendrites, visible only under magnification or by radiography.
microstructureDE GefügeFR microstructureNL microstructuur	Arrangement of grains and phases in a metal as seen under the microscope; it determines the properties.
minimum order quantityDE MindestbestellmengeFR quantité minimale de commandeNL minimale bestelhoeveelheid	Smallest quantity that can be ordered economically, often governed by the size of one heat or one cluster batch.
minimum wall thicknessDE MindestwanddickeFR épaisseur minimale de paroiNL minimale wanddikte	Thinnest wall that fills reliably; it depends on the alloy, the flow length and the area of the wall.
misrunDE Kaltlauf (nicht ausgelaufen)FR malvenueNL onvolledige vulling	Casting that is incomplete because the metal froze before filling the cavity.
modulus of elasticityDE ElastizitätsmodulFR module d'élasticitéNL elasticiteitsmodulus	Ratio of stress to elastic strain; a measure of the stiffness of a material.
mulliteDE MullitFR mulliteNL mulliet	Aluminosilicate refractory used as stucco and flour in back-up coats.
near-net shapeDE endkonturnahFR proche des cotes finiesNL near-net-shape	Cast geometry so close to the finished part that only functional surfaces need machining.
nickel-based alloyDE NickelbasislegierungFR alliage base nickelNL nikkelbasislegering	Alloy with nickel as the main element, used for resistance to corrosion, heat or both.
nitridingDE NitrierenFR nitrurationNL nitreren	Diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface at moderate temperature, giving a hard, wear-resistant layer with little distortion.
non-destructive testing (NDT)DE zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP)FR contrôles non destructifs (CND)NL niet-destructief onderzoek (NDO)	Examination that reveals discontinuities without damaging the part, such as penetrant, magnetic particle, radiographic and ultrasonic testing.
nonconformity reportDE AbweichungsberichtFR rapport de non-conformitéNL afwijkingsrapport	Record of a deviation from a requirement, its disposition and the corrective action taken.
normalisingDE NormalglühenFR normalisationNL normaalgloeien	Heating steel into the austenite range and cooling in still air to refine and homogenise the grain structure.
nucleationDE KeimbildungFR germinationNL kiemvorming	Formation of the first tiny crystals from which solidification or a phase transformation proceeds.
optical emission spectrometryDE optische EmissionsspektrometrieFR spectrométrie d'émission optiqueNL optische emissiespectrometrie	Analysis in which a spark excites the sample and the emitted light reveals the element contents.
oxide filmDE OxidhautFR peau d'oxydeNL oxidehuidje	Thin oxide skin on the surface of liquid metal; if folded into the stream it becomes an inclusion.
parallelismDE ParallelitätFR parallélismeNL evenwijdigheid	Tolerance that limits how far a surface or axis may deviate from being parallel to a datum.
part consolidationDE BauteilintegrationFR regroupement de piècesNL samenvoegen van onderdelen	Redesign of an assembly of several parts as a single casting.
parting lineDE Trennebene (Formteilung)FR plan de jointNL deelvlak (deelnaad)	Line on the pattern, and hence on the casting, where the halves of the wax die meet.
passivationDE PassivierenFR passivationNL passiveren	Chemical treatment that removes surface contamination and restores the protective oxide film of stainless steel.
passive filmDE PassivschichtFR film passifNL passieve laag	Very thin, self-healing chromium oxide layer that protects stainless steel from corrosion.
pattern assemblyDE TraubenmontageFR grappageNL boomopbouw	Joining the wax patterns to the sprue and runner system to form the cluster.
pattern waxDE ModellwachsFR cire à modèlesNL modelwas	Blend of waxes, resins and additives formulated for injection, dimensional stability and clean dewaxing.
pearliteDE PerlitFR perliteNL perliet	Lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite formed when austenite cools slowly.
permeabilityDE GasdurchlässigkeitFR perméabilitéNL doorlaatbaarheid	Ability of the shell to let air escape from the cavity while metal enters.
perpendicularityDE RechtwinkligkeitFR perpendicularitéNL haaksheid	Tolerance that limits the deviation of a surface or axis from 90° to a datum.
phase diagramDE ZustandsdiagrammFR diagramme de phasesNL fasediagram	Chart showing which phases are stable in an alloy system as a function of composition and temperature.
picklingDE BeizenFR décapageNL beitsen	Acid treatment that removes scale and the chromium-depleted layer from stainless steels and nickel alloys.
piece priceDE StückpreisFR prix pièceNL stukprijs	Price per casting for a stated quantity, condition of supply and scope of testing.
pitting corrosionDE LochkorrosionFR corrosion par piqûresNL putcorrosie	Localised attack that forms small, deep pits where the passive film breaks down, usually in chloride media.
pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)DE Wirksumme (PREN)FR indice de résistance à la piqûre (PREN)NL pitting-weerstandsgetal (PREN)	Index calculated from the chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen contents to compare the pitting resistance of stainless steels.
porosityDE PorositätFR porositéNL porositeit	General term for small voids in a casting, caused by shrinkage, gas or both.
positionDE PositionFR localisationNL plaats	Tolerance that limits the deviation of a feature from its theoretically exact location.
positive material identification (PMI)DE Verwechslungsprüfung (PMI)FR identification positive des matériaux (PMI)NL positieve materiaalidentificatie (PMI)	Check of the alloy of a finished part with a portable analyser to prevent mix-ups.
pouringDE Gießen (Abguss)FR couléeNL gieten	Transfer of the molten metal into the preheated shell mould.
pouring cupDE EingusstrichterFR entonnoir de couléeNL giettrechter	Funnel-shaped entry at the top of the mould that receives the metal stream.
pouring rateDE GießgeschwindigkeitFR vitesse de couléeNL gietsnelheid	Mass of metal entering the mould per unit of time; too slow risks misruns, too fast causes turbulence and erosion.
pouring temperatureDE GießtemperaturFR température de couléeNL giettemperatuur	Metal temperature at the moment of pouring, set as a superheat above the liquidus of the alloy.
precipitateDE AusscheidungFR précipitéNL uitscheiding	Small particle of a second phase that forms within the solid metal during cooling or ageing.
precipitation hardeningDE AusscheidungshärtenFR durcissement structuralNL precipitatieharden	Strengthening by ageing a solution-treated alloy so that fine particles form in the matrix.
pressure testDE DruckprüfungFR épreuve de pressionNL drukproef	Test in which a pressure-containing part is loaded with fluid above its working pressure to prove strength and tightness.
prime coat / face coatDE FrontschichtFR couche de contactNL eerste laag (contactlaag)	First, fine-grained shell layer in contact with the wax; it reproduces the surface detail and determines the surface finish of the casting.
printed patternDE gedrucktes ModellFR modèle impriméNL geprint model	Pattern produced by additive manufacturing in wax or polymer instead of a die, for prototypes and small series.
process capability (Cpk)DE Prozessfähigkeit (Cpk)FR capabilité du procédé (Cpk)NL procescapabiliteit (Cpk)	Index that compares the spread and centring of a process with the tolerance width.
production part approval process (PPAP)DE Produktionsteil-Abnahmeverfahren (PPAP)FR processus d'homologation des pièces de production (PPAP)NL goedkeuringsprocedure voor productiedelen (PPAP)	Automotive procedure in which the supplier demonstrates with a defined set of documents that the process can produce conforming parts.
profile toleranceDE ProfiltoleranzFR tolérance de profilNL profieltolerantie	Tolerance zone that follows the nominal shape of a line or surface; well suited to free-form cast surfaces.
pyrometerDE PyrometerFR pyromètreNL pyrometer	Instrument that measures temperature without contact from the radiation emitted by a hot surface.
quench tankDE AbschreckbeckenFR bac de trempeNL afschrikbad	Tank of agitated water, oil or polymer solution into which the hot load is lowered.
quenchantDE AbschreckmittelFR fluide de trempeNL afschrikmiddel	Medium used for quenching; its cooling power is matched to the steel and the section to limit distortion and cracking.
quenchingDE AbschreckenFR trempeNL afschrikken	Rapid cooling from high temperature in water, oil, polymer or gas to obtain martensite or to keep elements in solution.
quenching and temperingDE VergütenFR trempe et revenuNL veredelen (harden en ontlaten)	Hardening by rapid cooling followed by reheating to adjust strength and toughness.
radiographic testingDE DurchstrahlungsprüfungFR radiographieNL radiografisch onderzoek	Volumetric method using X-rays or gamma rays to image internal shrinkage, gas porosity and inclusions.
rainfall sanderDE BerieselungsanlageFR sableuse à pluieNL regenbezander	Machine in which stucco falls as a curtain onto the rotating wet cluster.
rapid prototypingDE Rapid PrototypingFR prototypage rapideNL rapid prototyping	Production of first castings without hard tooling, typically from printed patterns.
reduction of areaDE BrucheinschnürungFR strictionNL insnoering	Decrease of the cross-section at the fracture of a tensile specimen, in per cent; a measure of ductility.
reference radiographsDE Vergleichsaufnahmen (Referenzbilder)FR radiogrammes de référenceNL referentieradiogrammen	Standard images of graded discontinuities against which production radiographs are compared.
refractory flourDE FeuerfestmehlFR farine réfractaireNL vuurvast meel	Finely ground refractory, such as zircon or fused silica, that forms the solid part of the slurry.
release agentDE TrennmittelFR agent de démoulageNL lossingsmiddel	Thin film sprayed on the die so that the pattern can be removed without sticking or damage.
request for quotation (RFQ)DE AngebotsanfrageFR demande de prixNL offerteaanvraag	Enquiry in which the buyer sends drawing, material, quantities and requirements and asks for price and lead time.
residual stressDE EigenspannungFR contrainte résiduelleNL restspanning	Stress that remains in a part without external load, for example after uneven cooling or machining.
retained austeniteDE RestaustenitFR austénite résiduelleNL restausteniet	Austenite that did not transform to martensite on quenching; it affects hardness and dimensional stability.
ribDE RippeFR nervureNL rib	Thin wall added to stiffen a section or to support filling without adding much mass.
Rockwell hardness (HRC)DE Rockwellhärte (HRC)FR dureté Rockwell (HRC)NL Rockwellhardheid (HRC)	Hardness from the depth of penetration of a diamond cone under load; the usual scale for hardened steels.
roundnessDE RundheitFR circularitéNL rondheid	Tolerance that limits the deviation of a cross-section from a perfect circle.
run-outDE LaufFR battementNL slag	Tolerance that limits the variation of a surface during one revolution about a datum axis.
runnerDE GießlaufFR canal de couléeNL gietloop	Channel that distributes metal from the sprue to the gates.
salt spray testDE SalzsprühnebelprüfungFR essai au brouillard salinNL zoutsproeitest	Accelerated corrosion test in a chamber with salt fog, used to compare coatings and surface conditions.
sampling planDE StichprobenplanFR plan d'échantillonnageNL steekproefplan	Rule that states how many parts of a lot are inspected and when the lot is accepted.
scaleDE ZunderFR calamineNL oxidehuid	Oxide layer formed on the metal surface at high temperature, during cooling or heat treatment in air.
seal coatDE DeckschichtFR couche de scellementNL afsluitlaag	Final slurry dip without stucco that binds the last stucco layer and prevents loose grains.
section transitionDE QuerschnittsübergangFR transition de sectionNL sectieovergang	Change from one wall thickness to another; gradual transitions avoid hot spots and stress concentration.
segregationDE SeigerungFR ségrégationNL segregatie	Local differences in composition that arise during solidification, between dendrites or across a section.
sensitisationDE SensibilisierungFR sensibilisationNL sensibilisering	Precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries of stainless steel, which makes it susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
shell crackingDE SchalenrissFR fissuration de la carapaceNL schaalscheur	Fracture of the shell during drying, dewaxing or pouring; it leads to fins, run-outs or scrap.
shell dryingDE SchalentrocknungFR séchage de la carapaceNL drogen van de schaal	Controlled removal of water from each coat under defined temperature, humidity and air flow before the next dip.
shell mouldDE SchalenformFR moule carapaceNL schaalvorm	The finished ceramic shell, ready to receive metal after dewaxing and firing.
shell preheatingDE Vorwärmen der SchaleFR préchauffage de la carapaceNL voorverwarmen van de schaal	Heating the fired shell to pouring temperature so that thin walls fill before the metal freezes.
shell spallingDE SchalenabplatzungFR écaillage de la carapaceNL afschilferen van de schaal	Detachment of flakes of the prime coat, which leave raised metal or inclusions on the casting.
shot blastingDE StrahlenFR grenaillageNL stralen	Cleaning with propelled abrasive that removes scale and gives a uniform matt surface.
shot blasting machineDE StrahlanlageFR grenailleuseNL straalmachine	Machine in which wheels or nozzles throw abrasive at the castings in a closed cabinet.
shrinkage (contraction)DE SchwindungFR retraitNL krimp	Reduction of volume and dimensions as the metal cools, in the liquid, during solidification and in the solid state.
shrinkage cavityDE LunkerFR retassureNL krimpholte (slinkholte)	Void left where a region solidified without access to liquid feed metal.
shrinkage porosityDE SchwindungsporositätFR microretassureNL krimpporositeit	Cavities or fine voids formed where solidification shrinkage was not fed with liquid metal.
sigma phaseDE Sigma-PhaseFR phase sigmaNL sigmafase	Brittle intermetallic phase of iron and chromium that forms in high-chromium steels at intermediate temperatures and reduces toughness and corrosion resistance.
sink markDE EinfallstelleFR retassure de surface (affaissement)NL inval	Local depression on a pattern or casting surface above a thick section that shrank inwards.
slagDE SchlackeFR laitierNL slak	Layer of oxides and impurities floating on the melt; it is removed before pouring.
slag inclusionDE SchlackeneinschlussFR inclusion de laitierNL slakinsluiting	Slag carried into the mould with the metal and trapped in the casting.
slideDE SchieberFR tiroirNL schuif	Moving element of the die that forms an undercut and is withdrawn before the pattern is ejected.
slurryDE SchlickerFR barbotineNL slurry	Suspension of refractory flour in a liquid binder into which the cluster is dipped.
slurry tankDE SchlickerbehälterFR cuve à barbotineNL slurrytank	Rotating or stirred vessel that keeps the slurry in suspension and at constant properties.
soaking timeDE HaltezeitFR temps de maintien en températureNL houdtijd	Time for which the whole section is held at the treatment temperature.
soft annealingDE WeichglühenFR recuit d'adoucissementNL zachtgloeien	Annealing that gives the lowest hardness of a steel, to ease machining.
solid solutionDE MischkristallFR solution solideNL vaste oplossing	Crystal in which atoms of an alloying element are dissolved in the lattice of the base metal.
solidificationDE ErstarrungFR solidificationNL stolling	Transition of the metal from liquid to solid in the mould; it determines soundness and microstructure.
solidification simulationDE ErstarrungssimulationFR simulation de solidificationNL stollingssimulatie	Numerical calculation of filling and solidification used to predict hot spots and porosity before tooling is built.
solidus temperatureDE SolidustemperaturFR température de solidusNL solidustemperatuur	Temperature below which an alloy is completely solid.
soluble coreDE wasserlöslicher KernFR noyau solubleNL oplosbare kern	Core of water-soluble wax that is moulded into the pattern and dissolved before shelling, leaving an internal shape.
solution annealingDE LösungsglühenFR mise en solution (hypertrempe)NL oplosgloeien	Heating to dissolve carbides and secondary phases, followed by rapid cooling; restores corrosion resistance of austenitic and duplex steels.
sprueDE EingussFR descente de couléeNL gietkanaal	Main vertical channel that carries metal from the pouring cup to the runners and gates; it also acts as feeder.
stainless steelDE nichtrostender StahlFR acier inoxydableNL roestvast staal	Steel with at least about 10.5 % chromium, which forms a passive oxide film that protects against corrosion.
statistical process control (SPC)DE statistische Prozesslenkung (SPC)FR maîtrise statistique des procédés (MSP)NL statistische procesbeheersing (SPC)	Monitoring of a process with control charts to detect changes before nonconforming parts are made.
steam autoclaveDE DampfautoklavFR autoclave à vapeurNL stoomautoclaaf	Pressure vessel in which saturated steam heats the shell surface within seconds so that the wax drains without cracking the shell.
straighteningDE RichtenFR redressageNL richten	Correcting distortion by pressing the casting in a fixture, cold or warm.
straightening pressDE RichtpresseFR presse à redresserNL richtpers	Press, usually hydraulic, with dedicated tooling for correcting distortion.
straightnessDE GeradheitFR rectitudeNL rechtheid	Tolerance that limits the deviation of a line or axis from a straight line.
stress concentrationDE Spannungskonzentration (Kerbwirkung)FR concentration de contraintesNL spanningsconcentratie	Local rise of stress at a notch, sharp corner or abrupt change of section.
stress corrosion crackingDE SpannungsrisskorrosionFR corrosion sous contrainteNL spanningscorrosie	Cracking caused by the combined action of tensile stress and a specific corrosive medium.
stress relievingDE SpannungsarmglühenFR détensionnementNL spanningsarmgloeien	Heating below the transformation temperature to reduce residual stresses without changing the structure.
stuccoDE BesandungFR stucage (sablage)NL bezanding	Refractory grains applied to the wet slurry coat to build thickness and key the next layer.
sub-zero treatmentDE TiefkühlenFR traitement par le froidNL diepkoelen	Cooling hardened steel well below room temperature to transform retained austenite.
superalloyDE SuperlegierungFR superalliageNL superlegering	Nickel- or cobalt-based alloy that keeps its strength at high temperature, usually melted and cast under vacuum.
superheatDE ÜberhitzungFR surchauffeNL oververhitting	Difference between pouring temperature and liquidus temperature.
surface roughnessDE OberflächenrauheitFR rugosité de surfaceNL oppervlakteruwheid	Fine texture of a surface, expressed by parameters such as Ra and Rz.
surface roughness testerDE RauheitsmessgerätFR rugosimètreNL ruwheidsmeter	Instrument that traces the surface with a stylus and calculates roughness parameters such as Ra and Rz.
tappingDE AbstichFR coulée du four (piquée)NL aftappen	Emptying the furnace into the ladle or directly into the moulds.
temperature uniformity surveyDE Temperaturgleichmäßigkeitsprüfung (TUS)FR relevé d'homogénéité de températureNL temperatuuruniformiteitsmeting	Measurement with several thermocouples that proves the temperature spread within the working zone of a furnace.
temperingDE AnlassenFR revenuNL ontlaten	Reheating hardened steel to a moderate temperature to reduce brittleness and set the final hardness.
tensile strengthDE ZugfestigkeitFR résistance à la tractionNL treksterkte	Maximum stress a specimen withstands in the tensile test, referred to the original cross-section.
tensile testDE ZugversuchFR essai de tractionNL trekproef	Test in which a specimen is pulled to fracture to determine yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and reduction of area.
tensile testing machineDE ZugprüfmaschineFR machine de tractionNL trekbank	Machine that loads a specimen in tension while recording force and extension.
test barDE ProbestabFR barreau d'essaiNL proefstaaf	Specimen cast from the same heat and heat-treated with the castings, used for mechanical tests.
thermocoupleDE ThermoelementFR thermocoupleNL thermokoppel	Temperature sensor made of two different metal wires whose junction produces a voltage that depends on temperature.
third-party inspectionDE Abnahme durch DritteFR inspection par tierce partieNL keuring door derden	Inspection by an independent body on behalf of the purchaser or an authority.
through holeDE DurchgangslochFR trou débouchantNL doorgaand gat	Hole open at both ends; it can be cast deeper than a blind hole of the same diameter.
titanium alloyDE TitanlegierungFR alliage de titaneNL titaanlegering	Light, strong and corrosion-resistant alloy that must be melted and cast under vacuum because of its reactivity.
tooling costDE WerkzeugkostenFR coût d'outillageNL gereedschapskosten	One-off cost of the wax injection die and any gauges or fixtures, usually paid separately from the piece price.
toughnessDE ZähigkeitFR ténacitéNL taaiheid	Ability of a material to absorb energy and deform before it fractures.
traceabilityDE RückverfolgbarkeitFR traçabilitéNL traceerbaarheid	Ability to follow a casting back to its heat, process records and test results through its marking and documents.
turbulenceDE TurbulenzFR turbulenceNL turbulentie	Irregular, swirling flow during filling that entrains air and oxides.
ultrasonic testingDE UltraschallprüfungFR contrôle par ultrasonsNL ultrasoon onderzoek	Volumetric method that detects internal discontinuities from the reflection of high-frequency sound waves.
undercutDE HinterschneidungFR contre-dépouilleNL ondersnijding	Feature that would prevent a rigid pattern from being withdrawn; formed with slides, soluble cores or assembled patterns.
vacuum heat treatmentDE VakuumwärmebehandlungFR traitement thermique sous videNL vacuümwarmtebehandeling	Heat treatment in a vacuum furnace, which leaves the surface bright and free of scale and decarburisation.
vacuum induction furnaceDE Vakuum-InduktionsofenFR four à induction sous videNL vacuüminductieoven	Induction furnace inside a vacuum chamber, in which melting and pouring take place without contact with air.
vacuum meltingDE VakuumschmelzenFR fusion sous videNL vacuümsmelten	Melting and pouring in a vacuum chamber to protect reactive elements such as aluminium and titanium from oxidation.
ventDE EntlüftungFR éventNL ontluchting	Small channel that lets air and wax vapour escape, or helps wax drain during dewaxing.
vibratory finishingDE GleitschleifenFR tribofinitionNL trommelen	Mass finishing in a vibrating bowl with abrasive media to deburr and smooth many parts at once.
Vickers hardness (HV)DE Vickershärte (HV)FR dureté Vickers (HV)NL Vickershardheid (HV)	Hardness from the diagonals of the impression of a diamond pyramid; applicable from thin layers to bulk material.
viscosity (flow cup)DE Viskosität (Auslaufbecher)FR viscosité (coupe d'écoulement)NL viscositeit (uitloopbeker)	Slurry consistency checked as the time a standard cup needs to empty; a routine control of the shell room.
visual testingDE SichtprüfungFR examen visuelNL visueel onderzoek	Examination of the surface with the naked eye or simple aids, often against reference comparators.
wall thicknessDE WanddickeFR épaisseur de paroiNL wanddikte	Distance between two opposite surfaces of a section; governs filling, feeding and weight.
wax conditioning tankDE WachsaufbereitungsbehälterFR cuve de conditionnement de la cireNL wasconditioneertank	Heated, stirred tank that brings the wax to a uniform injection temperature.
wax injectionDE WachsspritzenFR injection de cireNL wasspuiten	Filling the wax die with liquid or paste wax under pressure to form the pattern.
wax injection dieDE WachsspritzwerkzeugFR moule d'injection de cireNL wasmatrijs	Metal tool, usually aluminium or steel, in which wax patterns are injected.
wax injection pressDE WachsspritzmaschineFR presse à injecter la cireNL wasspuitmachine	Machine that clamps the die and injects wax at controlled temperature, pressure and time.
wax patternDE WachsmodellFR modèle en cireNL wasmodel	Wax replica of the casting, one per part, enlarged by the contraction allowance.
wax reclaimDE WachsrückgewinnungFR régénération de la cireNL wasterugwinning	Cleaning and reconditioning of wax recovered from dewaxing, mainly for reuse in sprues and runners.
wax weldingDE WachsschweißenFR soudage de cireNL waslassen	Joining wax parts by melting the contact faces with a hot blade or iron, or with a sticky wax.
wear resistanceDE VerschleißbeständigkeitFR résistance à l'usureNL slijtvastheid	Resistance of a surface to loss of material by abrasion, adhesion or erosion.
weld repairDE FertigungsschweißungFR réparation par soudageNL reparatielassen	Removal of a defect and rebuilding by welding, carried out to a qualified procedure where the specification permits.
wetting agentDE NetzmittelFR agent mouillantNL bevochtiger	Surfactant added to the prime slurry so that it wets the wax surface completely.
wrought gradeDE KnetwerkstoffFR nuance corroyéeNL kneedkwaliteit	Alloy intended for rolling, forging or extrusion; its specification does not apply to castings.
yield strength (0.2 % proof)DE Dehngrenze Rp0,2FR limite d'élasticité Rp0,2NL rekgrens Rp0,2	Stress at which a permanent strain of 0.2 % remains; the usual design value for metals without a distinct yield point.
zirconDE ZirkonFR zirconNL zirkoon	Zirconium silicate; dense, chemically inert refractory widely used in prime coats for steels.

All terms in four languages: glossary →

How to use the dictionary

Each entry gives the term, its equivalents in the other three languages and a short explanation in plain engineering language. Use the search field to filter by any word. The explanations are informative; for contractual documents the definitions of the applicable standard prevail. Topics are treated in depth in the manufacturing process, design and quality sections.